Industry standard architecture (ISA) is a standard for I/O buses that was developed in the 1980s. ISA buses can handle 16-bit data transfers at a clock speed of 8 MHz. They are also capable of handling memory under 16 MB. EISA, or Extended ISA, is an enhanced version of the ISA bus. EISA buses run at 8 MHz, are capable of 32-bit data transfers, and can access all memory in the system.
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) is a local bus system designed for high-end computer systems. PCI buses transfer 32 or 64 bits of data at a clock speed of 33 MHz. They also support 3 to 5 critical peripherals, which are either integrated directly onto the motherboard or added via expansion cards. PCI buses fully support cards that were developed for standard I/O buses.
PISA buses can carry ISA / EISA and PCI bus signals. They use the same type of connectors as EISA buses, but require fewer pins than full PCI connectors. PISA buses have the same dimensions as ISA buses, but are smaller than typical PCI buses. An industrial single-board computer (SBC) with a PISA edge connector can, with a suitable backplane, connect to both ISA and PCI cards in the same system.
Compact PCI (cPCI) is a high-performance industrial bus that uses the electrical standards of the PCI bus and is packaged in a Eurocard. Specifications for the CompactPCI bus are developed and maintained by the PCI Industrial Computers Manufacturers Group (PICMG). cPCI buses are used extensively in systems that require high speed data transfers. Examples include data communication routers and switches, real-time machine control, real-time data acquisition, military systems, etc.
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) is a superset of CompactPCI that adds timing and triggering functions, imposes requirements for documenting environmental tests, and establishes a standard Windows-based software framework.
VME64 is an expanded version of the VME bus that provides 64-bit data transfers and addressing. VME64 is a mechanical and electrical superset of the original VME specification (IEEE-1014-1987). Features include asynchronous transfers, an addressing range between 16 and 40 bits, data path widths between 8 and 64 bits, and a bandwidth of 80 MBps.
VME64 Extended (VME64x) is an improved version of the VME64 bus that features a 160-pin connector family, 3.3 V power supply pins, bandwidths up to 160 MBps, injector/ejector locking handles and hot swap capability. The VME64x specifications were adopted in 1997 by the VMEbus International Trade Association (VITA) and its standards organization (VSO).
VME eXtensions for Instrumentation (VXI) was developed by Motorola and other companies in the late 1970s. VXI is a standard for many electronic platforms and defines electrical and mechanical backplane characteristics.
Multisystem eXtension Interface (MXI) is a high-performance communication link that interconnects devices using a flexible cabling scheme. MXI is a general purpose, 32-bit multi-master system bus on a cable. It provides a high-performance way of controlling VXI systems using commercially available desktop computers and workstations. MXI devices can directly access each other's resources by performing simple read and write operations to appropriate address locations. The MXI-2 standard expands the number of signals on a standard MXI cable by exporting all VXI backplane signals such as VXI triggers, interrupt lines and system clocks directly to the cabled bus.
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Tables:
VME Speed
VMEbus Data Transfer Speeds
Bus
Maximum Speed
VMEbus
40 MBps
VME64
80 MBps
VME64x
160 MBps
VME160
160 MBps
VME320
Form Factor
The form factor of a computer board describes its shape, what types of case can be used to contain it, what types of power supplies are appropriate and the general physical layout of the board.
LPX was developed by Western Digital in 1987and has several important features, the most distinctive of which is that expansion slots are mounted on a bus riser that connects to the motherboard. Another important feature is the standard placement of connectors in the back of the card. LPX cards are 9” wide and up to 13” deep.
ATX combines the best features of the Baby AT and LPX motherboard designs with some new enhancements. The ATX open specifications were released in 1996. ATX cards are 12" inches wide and 9.6" deep.
NLX is the latest development in desktop motherboard technology. It supports current processor technologies and supports emerging technologies such as AGP, USB, DIMM, etc. NLX cards can by up to 9" wide and up to 13.6" deep.
Other unlisted form factors such as EBX, PC-104, etc.
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296 and 320 pins, low insertion force (LIF) and zero insertion force (ZIF) socket. Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA). Supported processors: 75-133, OverDrive.
235 pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) socket. Pin Grid Array (PGA). This socket was never implemented by the industry. Supported processors: 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive.
370 pins, low insertion force (LIF), and 418 pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) socket. Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA). Supported processors: Pentium III 500E, Cyrix III, Celeron 300.
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Dual In-line Memory Module with 168 pins. The capacity of this type of SIMM can be 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 MBytes.
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Chipset Type
A single chip that integrates many basic devices such as the clock generator, system timer, interrupt controller, bus controller, DMA (direct memory access), keyboard controller, memory cache, external buses and some peripherals. A chipset operates at the speed of the bus to which it is connected.
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Universal Serial Bus. The standard serial bus for low-to-medium speed peripheral device connections to Personal Computers, including keyboards, mice, modems, printers, joysticks, audio functions, monitor controls, etc.
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A parallel port provides a channel capable of transferring more than one bit simultaneously. A parallel port, among others, can have features such as ECP (Enhanced Capabilities Port) or EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port).
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Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is an interface for mass storage with an integrated disk controller. The IDE interface is officially known as ATA (AT Attachment) and it is an ANSI standard. An IDE interface supports different standards for transferring data between the computer and the disk drive (Disk, CD-ROM, etc.): PIO (Programmable Input/Output), DMA (Direct Memory Access), UltraDMA, Bus Mastering, etc.
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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers, PCs, and many UNIX systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers.
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