The AS-interface (AS-i) is a network system for the lower field range of the automation level. It is appropriate for networking binary actuators and sensors. Through the use of a special IC, it is possible to integrate AS-i directly to small devices in a cost-effective manner.
Open DeviceNet Vendors Association (ODVA) is an association of automation companies that support network technologies based on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP).
Fast Ethernet or High Speed Ethernet (HSE) is a networking standard that supports data transfer rates up to 100 Mbps. There are two types of Fast Ethernet: 100Base-X and 100Base-T. 100Base-X uses two physical links, one for transmission and one for reception, between nodes. 100Base-T uses medium access control protocol (MAC). The IEEE 802.3 committee developed the standards for Fast Ethernet.
Fibre channel is a high-speed, serial data transfer architecture that uses links of twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable. Small computer system interface (SCSI) devices can use fibre channel arbitrated loop (FC-AL), the most popular fibre channel typology. Using optical fiber, FC-AL supports full-duplex data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. Eventually, FC-AL is expected to replace SCSI in high-performance storage systems.
Fieldbus is a general digital communication network used in industrial applications. It is used to link industrial devices such as actuators, sensors, transducers, controllers, and other industrial components.
IEEE 1394 or FireWire® is an interface standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for very fast digital data transfers such as streaming video. IEEE 1394 connectors are used to transmit and receive data among FireWire devices. They are designed to replace external high-speed peripheral connections to personal computers, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, graphics cards, high-speed scanners, direct video, monitors, etc. Tiny, robust FireWire connectors will also become important parts of home entertainment, communication, and appliance networks. FireWire is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
InfiniBand®, a registered trademark of system I/O Inc., is a bus architecture that is grounded in channel-based I/O, a model used with mainframe computers. Attaching host channel adapters and target channel adapters through InfiniBand switches creates InfiniBand channels. Host channel adapters are I/O engines located within a server. Target channel adapters enable remote storage and network connectivity within the InfiniBand interconnect infrastructure. This infrastructure, which is called a fabric, is based on the way that input and output connections are constructed between a host and targets. All InfiniBand connections are created with InfiniBand links that use both copper wire and fiber optics for transmission. This design provides a new way of connecting servers together in a data center. It also enables the implementation of new server strategies.
The general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) is designed to connect computers, peripherals and laboratory instruments so that data and control information can pass between them. It was originally developed by Hewlett Packard (HP) and called the HPIB bus. GPIB is also know as the IEEE 488 bus, and is electrically equivalent to the IEC 625 bus.
Ethernet is a local area network (LAN) protocol that uses a bus or star typology and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification is the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. To handle simultaneous demands, Ethernet uses carrier sense multiple access / collision detection (CSMA/CD) to monitor network traffic.
Open DeviceNet Vendors Association (ODVA) is an association of automation companies that support network technologies based on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP).
Parallel interfaces simultaneously transmit multiple bits of data over separate lines (e.g., eight bits over eight lines). They are usually unidirectional.
A patch cable or patch cord is a flexible cable terminated at both ends with a plug. These cables are normally used for interconnecting circuits on a patch panel.
Small computer systems interface (SCSI) is an intelligent I/O parallel peripheral bus with a standard, device-independent protocol that allows many peripheral devices to be connected to the SCSI port. A single SCSI bus can drive up to eight devices or units, the host adapter or controller, and seven other devices. Each device is assigned a different SCSI ID, ranging from 0 to 7. SCSI formats include SCSI-1, SCSI-2, SCSI-3, Wide SCSI, Fast SCSI, Wide Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI, Ultra3 SCI (Ultra160), Ultra 320 SCSI, and Ultra640 SCSI.
This is the most common transmission mode. Serial technology transmits data one bit at a time. Information bits are sent sequentially on a single data channel. Serial protocols include RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 and others.
Universal serial bus (USB) is a 4-wire, 12-Mbps serial bus for low-to-medium speed peripheral device connections to personal computers (PC), including keyboards, mice, modems, printers, joysticks, audio functions, monitor controls, etc. The USB design is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USBIF), an organization that includes leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. The current USB specification is USB 2.0, which supports data transfer rates of up to 480 Mbps.
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HSSDC2 connectors are an improved version of the original high-speed serial data connection (HSSDC) cable connector. Like HSSDC connectors, HSSDC2 connectors are designed to facilitate gigabit-per-second (Gbps) data transmissions.
Centronics®36 is used for standard parallel Centronics printers. It is similar to the Centronics® 50 but not as wide. Centronics is a registered trademark of the Centronics Corporation.
BNC connectors are very secure bayonet-style locking connectors that are used in broadcasting gear for both video and radio signals. It is also common on professional test equipment. In consumer audio/video, BNC connectors are mostly used in high-def set-top receivers and high-end video monitors, often as RGB or component video inputs. This connector is used on older monitors, frame buffers, and accelerators. Many third party monitors also have this connector.
This `D-Shell' connector was used for pre-sun4 keyboard connections, such as the Type-3 keyboard. The standard AUI connector is used for network connections.
DB25 is a 25-pin connector borrowed from the computer world, where it's been used for both serial and parallel ports; sometimes DB25 is used for controlling audio gear by computer or on THX gear, to connect multiple audio channels with one cable. This connector type is also used in custom installations where numerous cables must be bundled. It’s used for some RS232 and RS423 serial connections. DB25 is also used for the parallel connection on IBM printers.
Header 26 connectors have 26 pin insulation displacement connections. These connectors are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Header 40 pin insulation displacement connections are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Header 50 pin insulation displacement connections are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Micro Centronics 36 is a female connector that is normally found on the back of a printer. An IEEE 1284 cable with a male type C connector attaches to the printer connector, and the other end of the cable is connected to the DB-25 female connector on the back of the computer.
Micro Centronics 50 is used for SCSI-2 applications. The connector has 50-pins arranged in two rows one on top of the other; the top row has 25 pins and the lower row has 25 pins.
Micro Centronics 60 is used for SCSI applications. The micro Centronics 60 connector has 60-pins arranged in rows one on top of the other. The top row has 30 pins and the lower row has 30 pins.
Micro Centronics 68 is used for SCSI applications. The micro Centronics 68 connector has 68-pins arranged in rows one on top of the other. The top row has 34 pins and the lower row has 34 pins.
RCAM is the most common audio connector; it is used for every sort of analog input and output. These connectors come in color-coded pairs (usually red for right and black or white for left). RCAM connectors are also used for composite-video (coded yellow) and coaxial digital audio cables. "Coaxial" means the signal carrier and its shield are aligned along the same axis (generally a signal wire runs down the middle of a cylindrical shield). RCAM connectors were first used to connect early electronic record players to radios and still sometimes called "phone jacks."
RJ-11 is the common modular telephone jack. It is used universally on phones, modems, and faxes. These connectors are also used in satellite TV receivers to keep track of things like pay-per-view transactions.
Telco 50 is a generic abbreviation for "telephone company". This is also an abbreviation for "telephone central office." It is used to describe certain interfaces and equipment typically used by telephone companies.
Type A is another computer connection. USB allows computer peripherals, including eventually some A/V gear, to be added in daisy-chain fashion. The connector is similar to IEEE 1394, but it transfers data at a slower rate, a maximum of 12 megabits per second. These connectors are far from universally adopted, though provided on many of the latest Wintel and Macintosh computers. USB may be supplanted by a USB2 in the near future.
Type B connectors are another computer connection. USB allows computer peripherals, including eventually some A/V gear, to be added in daisy-chain fashion. The connector is similar to IEEE 1394, but it transfers data at a slower rate, a maximum of 12 megabits per second. Far from universally adopted, though provided on many of the latest Wintel and Macintosh computers. USB may be supplanted by a USB2 in the near future.
Other unlisted connector type and/or pin configuration.
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Tables:
Bus Width
Bus Width
Width
Definition
Narrow
Narrow SCSI is the conventional SCSI specified in the original SCSI. The bus width is 8 bits.
Wide
Uses a data bus that is 16 bits wide. This doubling of the bus width respect to the Narrow SCSI comes at a higher cost, and it requires additional cabling and connectors.
SCSI Type
SCSI Type
Type
Definition
SCSI-1
SCSI-1, the original SCSI, was standardized by ANSI in 1986. Allows asynchronous data transfer rates of 1.5 MB/sec and synchronous transfer rates to a maximum of 5 MB/sec. It has an 8-bit SCSI port that uses Single-ended open-collector drivers. Uses a 50-pin connector. SCSI-1 is an obsolete standard after the development of SCSI-2.
SCSI-2
SCSI-2 has significant improvements over SCSI-1 including faster data transfer rates, better connectors, wider bus path, better reliability via synchronous negotiation and parity checking. SCSI-2 has a data transfer rate from 5 MB/sec to 10 Mb/sec. This speed change is called Fast SCSI-2. Also, SCSI-2 provides the option to double the bus from 8 bits to 16 bits. This change is known as Wide SCSI. By combining the Fast SCSI-2 with the Wide SCSI bus a maximum data rate of 20 MB/sec can be achieved.
SCSI-3
The SCSI-3 specification allows for faster transfer rate, more devices on a single chain (a maximum of 32), and also it incorporates serial connections in addition to the traditional parallel interconnect of SCSI-2. The serial interconnect of SCSI-3 incorporates three technologies: Serial Storage Architecture (SSA), Fibre Channel, and IEEE P1394. The serial transfer mode allows faster data rates, more devices per bus, simple connectors, and longer cables.
Bus Speed
Bus Speed
Speed
Definition
Regular
This is the default speed of the original specifications of SCSI-1. The regular bus speed is 5 MHz.
Fast
Fast SCSI increases the bus speed to 10 MHz. This doubling of the bus speed was defined in SCSI-2.
Ultra
Also known as Fast-20, it is specified in SCSI-3. The bus speed of Ultra SCSI is 20 MHz. Ultra SCSI buses have a maximum transfer rate of 20 MB/sec for Narrow SCSI, and 40 MB/sec for Wide SCSI.
Standards for Category 3 - 100 ohm twisted-pair copper cable that meets or exceeds specifications in ANSI / TIA / EIA-568-A, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, and ISO /I EC 11801, Generic Cabling for Customer Premises for transmissions up to 16 MHz.
A cabling standard for UTP wiring offering speeds up to 1000 MHz and a data transfer rate up to 1000 Mbps. This is the most popular UTP wiring standard and most often used in Ethernet networking.
Standards for Category 6 - 100 ohm twisted-pair are still under review. Recent developments include work started on the Category 6 cabling specification. Many debates also include the issue of a high-temperature environment for Cat 6 cabling.
Coaxial cable consists of two cylindrical conductors with a common axis. The two conductors are separated by a dielectric. The outer conductor, normally at ground-potential, acts as a return path for current flowing through the center conductor and prevents energy radiation from the cable. The outer conductor, or shield, is also commonly used to prevent external radiation from affecting the current flowing in the inner conductor. The outer shield or conductor consists of woven strands of wire or is a metal sheath.
Fiber optic cable offers up the possibility of near infinite bandwidth and perfect immunity to noise. The trade-off is cost and difficulty of installation. It costs significantly more to purchase fiber optic cable, connectors, patch panels, jumper cables, tools, and network interface cards (NICs).
This is an inexpensive, quarter-inch diameter unbalanced coaxial cable consisting of a central metallic core surrounded by a layer of insulating material. This insulating (dielectric) material may be a solid material or air spaced. The entire assembly is covered with a metallic sleeve and protected by an outer layer of non-conducting material (cable jacket). RG6 is typically used in cable TV or satellite applications. RG11 is the cable type used with thicknet (thick Ethernet) cabling.
Triaxial cables refer to a three-conductor cable with one conductor in the center. A second circular conductor shield shares a common center with the first. There is a third circular conductor shield that is insulated from and is concentric with the first and second. Concentricity is usually with insulation, a braid, or impervious sheath overall.
A twisted pair is two wires twisted together to reduce susceptibility to RF noise. Two insulated copper conductors are wound around each other to cancel the effects of electrical noise. Twisted pairs are used as a popular and low-cost LAN cabling method that is also commonly used for telephone wiring. This method uses tow wires twisted together to minimize electrical interference. (See STP and UTP).
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Products that bear a CSA Mark have been tested by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and meet applicable standards for safety and/or performance. These standards are written and administered by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and CSA International. CSA Marks may appear alone or with indicators. CSA Marks that appear alone are used with products certified primarily for the Canadian market, to the applicable Canadian standards. CSA Marks that appear with the indicators “C” and “US” or “NRTL/C” is used with products certified for both the U.S. and Canadian markets, to the applicable U.S. and Canadian standards.
CE Marking indicates that a product complies with the essential requirements of relevant European Union (EU) directives that uphold national standards for health, safety, and environmental protection. CE Marking is required in the countries of the European Economic Area (EEA), an organization that consists of the twenty five member states of the EU and the three members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). CE Marking refers to the safety of a product. It is not a quality standard.
DEMKO is a Danish subsidiary of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) that tests electrical products according to American, Canadian, European Union (EU), and international standards. DEMKO is accredited by the EU as a Notified Body for product safety testing and certification. DEMKO also provides third-party support for the CE Marking of electrical and electro-mechanical products.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards organizations from over 100 countries. ISO's mission is to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services, and to foster cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, technological, and economic activity.
ISO certifications include ISO 7779, ISO 9000, ISO 9001:1987, ISO 13485, ISO/TS 16949:2002, ISO 14000 and ISO 17025. ISO 7779 is concerned with acoustics, telecommunications equipment, and the measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology (IT) equipment. ISO 9001:2000 establishes requirements for company quality management systems. ISO 13485 is concerned with medical devices, quality management systems and requirements for regulatory purposes. ISO 14000 establishes requirements for environmental management policies that minimize a company’s harmful effects on the environment. ISO 17025 outlines the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a global, non-profit organization that develops and maintains voluntary quality, safety, and performance standards for electrical materials, products, and systems The IEC also publishes standards for the electronics and telecommunications industries. The IEC’s membership consists of the electrotechnical standards organizations from each of its 51 member nations. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents the United States.
Under rules and regulations, Title 47, Part 15 Subpart B, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates all commercial electronic devices (unintentional radio-frequency radiators) destined for sale in the United States that have clocks / oscillators that operate at a frequency greater than 9 kHz and that use digital techniques. This includes most products that employ microprocessors, as well as RF devices.
ETL SEMKO is a division of Intertek Testing Service, a Swedish organization that tests electrical products and provides CE Marking and S-Marks. CE Marking indicates that a product complies with the essential requirements of relevant European Union (EU) directives that uphold national standards for health, safety, and environmental protection. The S-Mark is a voluntary safety certification scheme for electrical products.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS will become effective on July 1, 2006.
These Marks are used only on component parts that are part of a larger product or system. These components may have restrictions on their performance or may be incomplete in construction. Products intended for Canada carry the Recognized Component Mark "C."
Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE), the Association of German Electrical Engineers, is a non-profit testing institute that publishes standards and certifies electrical and electronic components. The VDE Mark indicates conformity with VDE, European Union (EU), and internationally harmonized standards. It confirms compliance with the protective requirements of the applicable EU directives.
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10Base-T is a 10 Mbps Ethernet network implemented on twisted-pair cable with modular connectors. Uses pins 1 and 2, 3 and 6, in an 8 position modular plug / jack, typically called an RJ-45. Patch cables for 10BaseT Ethernet are usually pinned to the EIA / TIA 568A or 568B standard. This is the most popular type of Ethernet.
A specification for Gigabit Ethernet over copper wire (IEEE Standard 802.3ab). The standard defines 1 Gbps data transfer over distances of up to 100 meters using four pairs of CAT-5 balanced copper cabling and a 5-level coding scheme.
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RS485 is a balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data. The advantage of a balanced signal is the greater immunity to noise. The difference between RS422 and RS485 is that RS485 can be transformed into a multi-point application.
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USB 2.0 is the faster and more advanced enhancement of USB 1.1. USB 2.0 supports data transfer rates of up to 480 Mbps.
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SCSI-1 allows asynchronous data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbps and synchronous transfer rates up to 5 Mbps. It has an 8-bit SCSI port that uses a 50-pin connector and single-ended, open-collector drives. SCSI-1, the original SCSI standard, became obsolete with the development of SCSI-2.
SCSI-2 provides significant improvements over SCSI-1, including faster data transfer rates, better connectors, a wider bus path, parity checking, and better reliability via synchronous negotiation. The SCSI-2 specification also defined Fast SCSI and Wide SCSI.
Ultra2 or Fast-40 has a bus speed of 40 MHz. Narrow (8-bit) buses have a maximum data transfer rate of 40 Mbps. Wide (16-bit) buses have a maximum data transfer rate of 80 Mbps.
SCSI-3 allows for faster data transfer rates and the use of up to 32 devices on a single chain. It incorporates serial connections in addition to the traditional parallel interconnect of SCSI-2. The serial interconnect of SCSI-3 incorporates three technologies: serial storage architecture (SSA), Fibre Channel, and IEEE P1394. The serial transfer mode allows faster data rates, more devices per bus, simple connectors and longer cables.
Serial SCSI is a very fast bus standard that supports data transfer rates up to 400 Mbps. It is a subset of IEEE 1394 or FireWire®, a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.
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Is it necessary for the device to withstand and function within hostile or extreme environments, including high or low temperature, humidity, shock, vibration, etc.
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