RS485 is a balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data. The advantage of a balanced signal is the greater immunity to noise. The difference between RS422 and RS485 is that RS485 can be transformed into a multi-point application.
Fibre channel is a high-speed, serial data transfer architecture that uses links of twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable. Small computer system interface (SCSI) devices can use fibre channel arbitrated loop (FC-AL), the most popular fibre channel typology. Using optical fiber, FC-AL supports full-duplex data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. Eventually, FC-AL is expected to replace SCSI in high-performance storage systems.
IEEE 1394 or FireWire® is an interface standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for very fast digital data transfers such as streaming video. IEEE 1394 connectors are used to transmit and receive data among FireWire devices. They are designed to replace external high-speed peripheral connections to personal computers, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, graphics cards, high-speed scanners, direct video, monitors, etc. Tiny, robust FireWire connectors will also become important parts of home entertainment, communication, and appliance networks. FireWire is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
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Standards for Category 3 - 100 ohm twisted-pair copper cable that meets or exceeds specifications in ANSI / TIA / EIA-568-A, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, and ISO /I EC 11801, Generic Cabling for Customer Premises for transmissions up to 16 MHz.
A cabling standard for UTP wiring offering speeds up to 1000 MHz and a data transfer rate up to 1000 Mbps. This is the most popular UTP wiring standard and most often used in Ethernet networking.
Standards for Category 6 - 100 ohm twisted-pair are still under review. Recent developments include work started on the Category 6 cabling specification. Many debates also include the issue of a high-temperature environment for Cat 6 cabling.
Coaxial cable consists of two cylindrical conductors with a common axis. The two conductors are separated by a dielectric. The outer conductor, normally at ground-potential, acts as a return path for current flowing through the center conductor and prevents energy radiation from the cable. The outer conductor, or shield, is also commonly used to prevent external radiation from affecting the current flowing in the inner conductor. The outer shield or conductor consists of woven strands of wire or is a metal sheath.
Fiber optic cable offers up the possibility of near infinite bandwidth and perfect immunity to noise. The trade-off is cost and difficulty of installation. It costs significantly more to purchase fiber optic cable, connectors, patch panels, jumper cables, tools, and network interface cards (NICs).
This is an inexpensive, quarter-inch diameter unbalanced coaxial cable consisting of a central metallic core surrounded by a layer of insulating material. This insulating (dielectric) material may be a solid material or air spaced. The entire assembly is covered with a metallic sleeve and protected by an outer layer of non-conducting material (cable jacket). RG6 is typically used in cable TV or satellite applications. RG11 is the cable type used with thicknet (thick Ethernet) cabling.
Triaxial cables refer to a three-conductor cable with one conductor in the center. A second circular conductor shield shares a common center with the first. There is a third circular conductor shield that is insulated from and is concentric with the first and second. Concentricity is usually with insulation, a braid, or impervious sheath overall.
A twisted pair is two wires twisted together to reduce susceptibility to RF noise. Two insulated copper conductors are wound around each other to cancel the effects of electrical noise. Twisted pairs are used as a popular and low-cost LAN cabling method that is also commonly used for telephone wiring. This method uses tow wires twisted together to minimize electrical interference. (See STP and UTP).
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Centronics®36 is used for standard parallel Centronics printers. It is similar to the Centronics® 50 but not as wide. Centronics is a registered trademark of the Centronics Corporation.
BNC connectors are very secure bayonet-style locking connectors that are used in broadcasting gear for both video and radio signals. It is also common on professional test equipment. In consumer audio/video, BNC connectors are mostly used in high-def set-top receivers and high-end video monitors, often as RGB or component video inputs. This connector is used on older monitors, frame buffers, and accelerators. Many third party monitors also have this connector.
This `D-Shell' connector was used for pre-sun4 keyboard connections, such as the Type-3 keyboard. The standard AUI connector is used for network connections.
DB25 is a 25-pin connector borrowed from the computer world, where it's been used for both serial and parallel ports; sometimes DB25 is used for controlling audio gear by computer or on THX gear, to connect multiple audio channels with one cable. This connector type is also used in custom installations where numerous cables must be bundled. It’s used for some RS232 and RS423 serial connections. DB25 is also used for the parallel connection on IBM printers.
Header 26 connectors have 26 pin insulation displacement connections. These connectors are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Header 40 pin insulation displacement connections are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Header 50 pin insulation displacement connections are used with ribbon cables for non-shielded, internal SCSI cabling. When using cables, the female type.
Micro Centronics 36 is a female connector that is normally found on the back of a printer. An IEEE 1284 cable with a male type C connector attaches to the printer connector, and the other end of the cable is connected to the DB-25 female connector on the back of the computer.
Micro Centronics 50 is used for SCSI-2 applications. The connector has 50-pins arranged in two rows one on top of the other; the top row has 25 pins and the lower row has 25 pins.
Micro Centronics 60 is used for SCSI applications. The micro Centronics 60 connector has 60-pins arranged in rows one on top of the other. The top row has 30 pins and the lower row has 30 pins.
Micro Centronics 68 is used for SCSI applications. The micro Centronics 68 connector has 68-pins arranged in rows one on top of the other. The top row has 34 pins and the lower row has 34 pins.
RCAM is the most common audio connector; it is used for every sort of analog input and output. These connectors come in color-coded pairs (usually red for right and black or white for left). RCAM connectors are also used for composite-video (coded yellow) and coaxial digital audio cables. "Coaxial" means the signal carrier and its shield are aligned along the same axis (generally a signal wire runs down the middle of a cylindrical shield). RCAM connectors were first used to connect early electronic record players to radios and still sometimes called "phone jacks."
RJ-11 is the common modular telephone jack. It is used universally on phones, modems, and faxes. These connectors are also used in satellite TV receivers to keep track of things like pay-per-view transactions.
Telco 50 is a generic abbreviation for "telephone company". This is also an abbreviation for "telephone central office." It is used to describe certain interfaces and equipment typically used by telephone companies.
Type A is another computer connection. USB allows computer peripherals, including eventually some A/V gear, to be added in daisy-chain fashion. The connector is similar to IEEE 1394, but it transfers data at a slower rate, a maximum of 12 megabits per second. These connectors are far from universally adopted, though provided on many of the latest Wintel and Macintosh computers. USB may be supplanted by a USB2 in the near future.
Type B connectors are another computer connection. USB allows computer peripherals, including eventually some A/V gear, to be added in daisy-chain fashion. The connector is similar to IEEE 1394, but it transfers data at a slower rate, a maximum of 12 megabits per second. Far from universally adopted, though provided on many of the latest Wintel and Macintosh computers. USB may be supplanted by a USB2 in the near future.
Other unlisted connector type and/or pin configuration.
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Products that bear a CSA Mark have been tested by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and meet applicable standards for safety and/or performance. These standards are written and administered by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and CSA International. CSA Marks may appear alone or with indicators. CSA Marks that appear alone are used with products certified primarily for the Canadian market, to the applicable Canadian standards. CSA Marks that appear with the indicators “C” and “US” or “NRTL/C” is used with products certified for both the U.S. and Canadian markets, to the applicable U.S. and Canadian standards.
CE Marking indicates that a product complies with the essential requirements of relevant European Union (EU) directives that uphold national standards for health, safety, and environmental protection. CE Marking is required in the countries of the European Economic Area (EEA), an organization that consists of the twenty five member states of the EU and the three members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). CE Marking refers to the safety of a product. It is not a quality standard.
DEMKO is a Danish subsidiary of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) that tests electrical products according to American, Canadian, European Union (EU), and international standards. DEMKO is accredited by the EU as a Notified Body for product safety testing and certification. DEMKO also provides third-party support for the CE Marking of electrical and electro-mechanical products.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards organizations from over 100 countries. ISO's mission is to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services, and to foster cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, technological, and economic activity.
ISO certifications include ISO 7779, ISO 9000, ISO 9001:1987, ISO 13485, ISO/TS 16949:2002, ISO 14000 and ISO 17025. ISO 7779 is concerned with acoustics, telecommunications equipment, and the measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology (IT) equipment. ISO 9001:2000 establishes requirements for company quality management systems. ISO 13485 is concerned with medical devices, quality management systems and requirements for regulatory purposes. ISO 14000 establishes requirements for environmental management policies that minimize a company’s harmful effects on the environment. ISO 17025 outlines the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a global, non-profit organization that develops and maintains voluntary quality, safety, and performance standards for electrical materials, products, and systems The IEC also publishes standards for the electronics and telecommunications industries. The IEC’s membership consists of the electrotechnical standards organizations from each of its 51 member nations. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents the United States.
Under rules and regulations, Title 47, Part 15 Subpart B, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates all commercial electronic devices (unintentional radio-frequency radiators) destined for sale in the United States that have clocks / oscillators that operate at a frequency greater than 9 kHz and that use digital techniques. This includes most products that employ microprocessors, as well as RF devices.
ETL SEMKO is a division of Intertek Testing Service, a Swedish organization that tests electrical products and provides CE Marking and S-Marks. CE Marking indicates that a product complies with the essential requirements of relevant European Union (EU) directives that uphold national standards for health, safety, and environmental protection. The S-Mark is a voluntary safety certification scheme for electrical products.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS will become effective on July 1, 2006.
These Marks are used only on component parts that are part of a larger product or system. These components may have restrictions on their performance or may be incomplete in construction. Products intended for Canada carry the Recognized Component Mark "C."
Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE), the Association of German Electrical Engineers, is a non-profit testing institute that publishes standards and certifies electrical and electronic components. The VDE Mark indicates conformity with VDE, European Union (EU), and internationally harmonized standards. It confirms compliance with the protective requirements of the applicable EU directives.
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Is it necessary for the device to withstand and function within hostile or extreme environments, including high or low temperature, humidity, shock, vibration, etc.
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